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This diagram illustrates automatic stabilisers by showing how tax revenue and government spending change automatically as national income (real GDP) changes. When income rises, tax revenue increases and some types of government spending fall, which reduces inflationary pressure. When income falls, tax revenue decreases and government spending rises, which supports aggregate demand. These automatic changes help smooth fluctuations in economic growth without new government policy decisions.
Tax revenue line: As income and output rise, tax revenue rises automatically. As income falls, tax revenue falls automatically.
Government spending line: As income rises, some spending such as unemployment benefits falls. As income falls, this spending rises automatically.
Budget deficit and surplus: At lower income levels, spending tends to exceed tax revenue creating a deficit. At higher income levels, tax revenue tends to exceed spending creating a surplus.
Automatic stabilisers are features of the government budget that automatically reduce the size of economic fluctuations, without requiring a new policy change.
As income and output increase, tax revenue rises because people and firms pay more taxes. This reduces disposable income and slows the growth of aggregate demand, helping limit demand pull inflation.
As income and output increase, government spending on transfer payments such as unemployment benefits tends to fall because fewer people are unemployed. This also reduces government spending and helps cool demand.
As income and output decrease, tax revenue falls, which increases disposable income relative to what it would otherwise be. This helps support consumption and aggregate demand during a downturn.
As income and output decrease, government spending on transfer payments rises automatically. This injects income into the economy and helps reduce the depth of a recession.
The diagram also links this to the budget balance. In a downturn, the budget is more likely to move into deficit as spending rises and tax revenue falls. In an upturn, the budget is more likely to move toward surplus as tax revenue rises and spending falls.
Explore other diagrams from the same unit to deepen your understanding
A diagram illustrating the fluctuations in real GDP over time, including periods of boom, recession, peak, and trough, relative to the long-term trend of economic growth.
This diagram shows the intersection of the aggregate demand (AD) and short-run aggregate supply (AS) curves to determine the equilibrium price level and real GDP.
A diagram showing the Classical model of aggregate demand (AD), short-run aggregate supply (SRAS), and long-run aggregate supply (LRAS), used to explain long-run macroeconomic equilibrium.
A Keynesian aggregate demand and long-run aggregate supply (AD–LRAS) diagram showing how real GDP and the price level interact across different phases of the economy, including spare capacity and full employment.
A diagram showing an output (deflationary) gap, where the economy is producing below its full employment level of output (Ye).
This diagram shows how an initial increase in aggregate demand leads to a multiplied increase in national output (real GDP) and price level within the Keynesian framework.
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