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This diagram shows how the equilibrium exchange rate (Ee) and quantity of a currency (Qe) are determined by the interaction of supply and demand in a freely floating foreign-exchange market.
D$: Demand for dollars, downward sloping in the foreign-exchange market.
S$: Supply of dollars, upward sloping as more dollars are offered at higher euro prices.
Ee: Equilibrium exchange rate where D$ intersects S$.
Qe: Equilibrium quantity of dollars traded at Ee.
The demand curve for dollars (D$) slopes downward because at lower euro prices per dollar, Europeans find US goods cheaper and demand more dollars to buy the US goods.
The supply curve of dollars (S$) slopes upward because at higher euro prices per dollar, US residents get more euros for each dollar exchanged and are more willing to supply dollars to buy European goods or assets.
Equilibrium occurs at the intersection of D$ and S$, establishing the market exchange rate Ee and the equilibrium quantity of dollars Qe.
If demand for dollars increases (e.g., due to higher US interest rates or stronger US exports), the D$ curve shifts right, causing the dollar to appreciate and Ee to rise.
Conversely, if supply of dollars increases (e.g., more US residents traveling abroad), S$ shifts right, leading to dollar depreciation and a lower Ee.
Explore other diagrams from the same unit to deepen your understanding
This diagram shows how a country exports goods under free trade when the world price is higher than the domestic equilibrium price.
This diagram illustrates how a country imports goods under free trade when the world price is lower than the domestic equilibrium price.
This diagram shows the effects of a tariff imposed on imported goods. A tariff raises the price of imports, protecting domestic producers but creating welfare losses.
This diagram illustrates the effects of an import quota, a trade protection measure that limits the quantity of a good that can be imported. Quotas raise domestic prices, benefit local producers, and reduce consumer surplus.
This diagram illustrates the effects of a production subsidy, where the government supports domestic producers to lower their costs and increase output. It is a form of protectionism without raising consumer prices directly.
This diagram shows how an export subsidy raises the domestic price above the world price, encouraging producers to export more while reducing consumer welfare and creating deadweight losses.
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